SONNET

CHAPTER I - PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

 The dim water reflect its secrecy

   Clouds are dark hiding its identity

   The rain fell and everything seems wicked

   What exactly is psychology?

   But suddenly, the sun rise up

   The entire place has become dazzling

   Everything seems clearly now than ever

   It is not linked on imagination

   But rather it is a logical science

   You've got to know first about behavior

   It has different schools and areas

   Not only behavior but also process

   Overt and covert acts of a person

   It all purely deals with psychology

CHAPTER II - FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT

 I had been asking myself about things

    Tough things that even myself can't answer

    The same color of eye from your mother

    Similar hair color from your father

    Where did you get your personality?

    Is it because of nature or nurture?

    Human undergoes stages of growth

    It encompasses different changes

    Physical, cognitive or social

    May refer to these different changes

    Different twins were also determined

    Either fraternal or identical

    Every single stage ends with death

    People deal with death in dissimilar ways

CHAPTER III - PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

 Do you ever think on how brain functions?

     How does it makes every person thinks?

     Does every human have the same brain?

     Do every human differ in their brains?

     Nervous system is in charge in this stuff

     A living tissue made up of cells

     This is a living tissue made of cells

     Glia and neurons are its two classes

     Soma, dendrites, axons, myelin sheath

     Are the parts of neurons with functions

     There are these glial cells, non-neural cells

     Surrounding the neurons holding in place

     Brain has parts, hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain

     Glands having chemicals that they secrete

CHAPTER IV - SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

 Since elementary, we had been taught

    About five sense organs that humans have

    A sense organ for sight so we can see

    A sense organ for hearing to listen 

    A sense organ for tasting to taste foods

    A sense organ for scents for smelling

    Sense organ for touching to feel something

    Sensing is connected to percepting

    Sensing is activating sense organs

    Percepting is mixing many senses

    However, illusion is percepting

    But do not correspond to reality

    Furthermore it is a fool to our eyes

    Thus sensing activates our sense organs

CHAPTER V - CONSCIOUSNESS

 To be aware is to be conscious of

   Did you ever think of some matters?

   When you sleep at night, are you conscious?

   There are altered states of consciousness

   These are sleep, dremas, hypnosis and drugs

   Sleep has its own stages of it

   From stage one to stage four then REM

   However, sleep has also problems

   Sleep talking is talking when asleep

   Sleep walking is walking when asleep

   Insomnia, having hard time asleep

   Apnea, the difficulty while sleep

   Narcolepsy, sleep is not control

   It is important that we are conscious

CHAPTER VI - LEARNING AND MEMORY

 Learning is connected to memory

    While learning, we are remembering 

    Thus it is stored in our memory

    The facts that was stored in memory

    Needs to applied so forgetting will not 

    Occur and make us recall facts faster 

    There are many theories in learning things

    Memory is storing ideas

    It do encode and retrieve ideas

    Memory has kinds and subtypes of it

    Sensory which lasts only in instant

    Short term which holds facts several seconds

    Long term which was stored permanently

    Learning leads to change of a person

CHAPTER VII - THINKING

 Thinking makes humans superior of all

     More capable than other forms of life

     An individual is always engage

     Person is engaged in thought all the time

     The way people think is not limited 

     Thinking is a process- brain and motor

     Works as brain and motor activity

     Also has different types of thinking

     Free associations and fantasy 

     Delusional and cretive thinking

     However, there are also elements

     Imagery, conceptual and verbal

     Thinking play a huge part in human's life

     Makes every person very productive

CHAPTER VIII - MOTIVATION

 Motivation comes from a Latin word

      This Latin word "movere" means to move

      From then on, people associated

      The word motivation to many things

      They relate it to goals they want to reach

      In the motivation, there are motives

      Classified - primary, social motives

      Primary motives for man's survival

      Social motives for man's social beings

      Also, the theories of motivation

      Maslow's theory and Mcdougal's theory 

      Drive reduction and incentive theory

      Bernard Cannon's homeostatic theory

      Motivation is moving a person

CHAPTER IX - EMOTIONS

 Emotions is how you feel about now

     Being agry that you want to throw things

     Things that your hands can grab on already

     Being sad that you want to cry so much

     Crying your heart out for too much sorrow 

     Being happy that you are smiling

     Smiling the whole day, heart is jumping

     Emotions can lead to great achievement

     Like the Taj Mahal that was built for love

     There are these emotional reactions 

     These are fear, anger, depression and love

     The fear and anger is almost the same

     Depression isa similar to anger

     Love mainly involves positive feelings

CHAPTER X INTELLIGENCE

 He is intelligent and also wise

   She is intelligent and also wise

   Now, you're asking yourself, can you be wise?

   Being intelligent is a good thing

   Intelligence describes abilities

   Comprehending and communicating

   Reasoning, planning and problem solving

   No person can excel in all areas

   He excel in one but not in others

   Theory of multiple intelligence

   A theory propose by Howard Gardner

   Believing that each person has areas

   Even though we excel in that or not

   All that matters is that we are wise

CHAPTER XI - PERSONALITY

 Personality is a set of traits

    Let's have an example for this matter

    Every time Manny Pacquiao win a fight

    His product endorsements tend to increase

    Even his mother and wife, gaining star life

    He also pursue congressional seat

    Even lack of education, training

    Despite of that, people gave him support 

    But what makes Manny Pacquiao different?

    It can be reffered personality

    It is what an individual possess

    Making him unique and one of a kind

    Just as there is no persons are alike

    No personalities are similar

CHAPTER XII - ADJUSTMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH

 Why would an individual kill himself?

     What have lead him to commit suicide?

     The only reason behind this is grief

     Grief/depression is kind of dangerous

     When someone is depressed on a matter

     What he can lead to is death/suicide

     When one's objective was block by someone

     With this, the feeling would be frustration

     One's desires is unlimited, not ended

     Dissatisfaction leads to frustration

     Frustration classified into two kinds

     First is dissatisfaction to oneself

     Second is dissatisfaction outside

HAIKU

CHAPTER I - PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

 Like the shining sun

   In the midst of our dim light

   Psychology brights

CHAPTER II - FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT

 The way flowers bloom

    Is how we go through stages

    Growing inch by inch

CHAPTER III - PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

 The moon guides in night

     As well as the nervous system

     Serving the humans

CHAPTER IV - SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

 River flowing softly

    Sensing and percepting thus

    Easy as it is

CHAPTER V - CONSCIOUSNESS

 Like the trees swaying

   Being conscious is a must

   Following the wind

CHAPTER VI - LEARNING AND MEMORY

 Achieving wisdom

    Reminiscing memories

    Like a scenic view

CHAPTER VII - THINKING

 A thoughtful person

     Like an ocean filled with fish

     Mind is full of thoughts

CHAPTER VIII - MOTIVATION

 Cats chasing the rats

      Showing the drive of the cat

      Reaching his pleasure

CHAPTER IX - EMOTIONS

 Rising and hiding

    Behind the clouds is the sun

    Feelings altering

CHAPTER X - INTELLIGENCE

 A genius he is

   Intelligence has it all

   He is wise indeed

CHAPTER XI - PERSONALITY

 Different lifestyles

    Like how cats differ from fish

    Traits defined it all

 CHAPTER XII - ADJUSTMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH

 He must be immune 

     Adjustment is important

     Problems he must solve

Chapter II : Heredity

Heredity

All human beings are more or less alike with each other in physical aspect. They vary considerably though in such factors as height, color of the skin, facial characteristics and intelligence. How can we seem to be alike but also be different at the same time? We all have the same body parts but we are also different with each other. We are unique in our own way because we have different genes that we inherited from our parents. You inherited your height from your father while the color of your hair was inherited from your mother. That’s why at the same time, the genes of your parents were transferred to you. The reason behind this was the heredity.

Why do children look like their parents? Why do brothers and sisters resemble each other? This is because we “inherit” traits from our parents. The passing of traits from parents to child is the basis of heredity. When we talk about heredity, the traits of one people can be relate to it easily. Our genes encode the instructions that define our traits. Each of us has thousands of genes, which are made of DNA and reside in our chromosomes. The environment we grow up and live in also helps define our traits. For example, while a person’s genes may specify a certain hair color, exposure to chemicals or sunlight can change that color.

Humans have two complete sets of twenty-three chromosomes,  meaning forty-six in total. These are threadlike structures that come in twenty-three pairs, one member of each pair comes from one parent. These are composed of DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid that is a complex molecule that contains genetic information. The units of hereditary information are short segments of chromosomes that compose the DNA that are known as genes. When parents conceive a child, they each contribute one complete set to the child. In this way, parents pass genes to the child.

Twenty-two pairs of chromosomes carry genes that determine the structures and behavior that are not sex-linked. The remaining pair of chromosomes called the sex chromosomes determine the sex of an individual. The sex chromosomes also carry genes determining other characteristics called sex-linked characteristics like baldness, colorblindness and hemophilia. By convention, the sex chromosomes are labelled x and y. Males have an x and a y sex chromosomes, females have two xx chromosomes.

The genes are the hereditary factors or “determiners” within the chromosomes. They are assumed to be “packets of chemicals” strung along the chromosomes like beads on a thread or peas in a pod.  Studies reveal that one constituent of genes, DNA has been tentatively identified as the primary genetic substance.

Genes work in pairs because the chromosomes inherited from the mother and the father pair up in such a way that pairs of similar genes determine particular characteristics. If a trait is determined by a single pair of identical genes, there is no doubt about the characteristics that will be produced.

The similarities between organisms of any kind are determined by heredity. Children are like their father or their mother or both. Yet, even if children are much like their parents, they may also have some of the characteristics of their grandparents. The reason behind this was because we inherit not only from our parents but from our ancestors as well.

Even if children look very much like their parents, we can still recognize one from each other. Each one of us tends to be different from our parents and from one another. No two individuals are exactly alike. Even identical twins differ from each other in certain ways. Some of these differences between organisms of the same specie are due to heredity, other are due to environment.

Every individual is a product of both heredity and environment. Man is a product of both nature and nurture – under the influence of these two factors he grows and changes biologically and psychologically. Heredity and environment in interacting with one another produce the whole range of individual differences.

Individuals differ from each other. Heredity and environment produce the whole range of individual differences among human beings. The internal environment is within an organism while the external environment which the stimuli is from the outside. It also includes our social environment composed of all human beings influencing us in any way or another. Our social environment is extremely important in shaping our individual especially our individual behavior and personality. 

Chapter I : Psychology as a Science

The writings of ancient Greek philosophers who did much speculation about the motivational aspects of human behavior , while the scientists of the Renaissance also made their own contributions by introducing the idea that observations could be further objectified through measurements, then the German psychologists and physicists of the nineteenth century used measurement techniques to study sensation and thus laid the foundation for scientific psychology. In primitive societies, man’s thinking about the phenomena of nature was restricted to uncritical traditions and superstitions.

The word psychology was derived from two Greek words, psyche (soul) and logos (discourse). Psychology or “mental philosophy was thus literally a study of soul. About four centuries ago, mental philosophers began o translate psyche as “mind” and psychology was then defined as “a study of mind”. It was eventually replaced by the definition of psychology as “ the science of behavior”.

Psychology is a science because it is systematic, empirical and dependent upon measurement. It is  is defined most simply as the scientific study of scientific 

thought or behavior.

Psychology is considered a science because it uses the scientific method in its analysis of human or animal behavior. The scientific method, in its simplest form, consists of several steps. The first step is asking a question. Psychologists ask questions regarding human behavior and try to get answers. The second step is doing background research. Psychologists have a wealth of background research available to them because of years of psychological research. The third step is to form a hypothesis. In psychology, there are many different hypotheses. Typically, psychology uses theoretical frameworks for forming a hypothesis. The fourth step the scientific method is to test the hypothesis using experiments. Psychologists have designed many different clever experiments to test the validity of different frameworks.An example of a theoretical framework for psychology is the birth order hypothesis for personality theory. Psychology encompasses a wide variety of brain sciences that use behavioral frameworks to predict behavior. In addition to personality theory, psychologists study personality and behavioral disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder or schizophrenia using frameworks.The facts that psychologists are able to test the validity of their frameworks using the scientific method and psychologists are able to test their theories and try to modify them over time to fit new data is why psychology is considered a science.

Psychology is clearly a science because (1) It uses scientific method, almost all the methods of psychology are more or less scientific in their nature. Of these the experimental method is the most exact. (2) It is factual, psychology studies the facts of behaviour. (3) The laws of psychology are universal, the laws of psychology have been found to be correct in every time and place, under the same conditions. The general principles of human psychology are universal, whatever differences there may be in the psychology of different individuals. (4) The laws of psychology are veridical, thus by verification and reverification psychological principles have been found to be true everywhere. They can be verified by any one. (5) Psychology discovers the cause - effect relationship in human behavior. (6) Psychology predicts Human Behavior, by discovering the cause- effect relationship, psychology also predicts human behavior and these predictions are generally correct.

Psychology refers to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior includes all of our outward or overt actions and reactions such as talking, facial expressions, and movements. Behavior and mental processes in animals and humans are studied using the scientific method so that their results will be as precise as possible. There are different types of behavior including, conscious and unconscious; rational and irrational; voluntary and involuntary; and covert and overt.

In a young and growing science, internal disputes often occur and psychology is not an exception. Psychologists have different ideas about what psychology should or should not include, about what it should emphasize and about what research methods are the best. When a large number of psychologists strongly support a certain view they are called a “school”. There are also schools of psychology namely, structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, gestalt, cognitive, humanistic, existentialist and experimental.

The study of human behavior is a broad area and because of that, such varied material, several specialized subdivisions have developed. Like science, psychology have different branches as follows: general, physiological, comparative, genetic experimental developmental, personality, cognitive, abnormal, clinical, counselling, educational, social and industrial psychology.

Psychology also includes other sciences such as, physiology, history, sociology, and anthropology. It also involves indigenous methods: “pakapa-kapa”, “patanong-tanong”, “pagmamasid”, “pakikipanayam”, and “pagdalaw”.

Psychology as a science is of great importance to man because psychological problems are common to them.  Like any other sciences, it is a behavioral science. It is a scientific method applied to the study of behavior with the view of explaining why people act and behave the way they do. It enables the individual to learn more quickly and to chose a vocation more intelligently; enables a person to understand that no two individuals are alike; and also enables a person to resolve his own problems and to develop greater personal efficiency thus, the person develops himself into a well-integrated and happy individual.